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Quantum biology
Quantum biology refers to applications of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to biological objects and problems. Many biological processes involve the conversion of energy into forms that are usable for chemical transformations and are quantum mechanical in nature. Such processes involve chemical reactions, light absorption, formation of excited electronic states, transfer of excitation energy, and the transfer of electrons and protons (hydrogen ions) in chemical processes such as photosynthesis and cellular respiration.〔Quantum Biology. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group. http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/quantum_biology/〕 Quantum biology may use computations to model biological interactions in light of quantum mechanical effects.〔http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070116133617.htm Science Daily ''Quantum Biology: Powerful Computer Models Reveal Key Biological Mechanism'' Retrieved Oct 14, 2007〕
==Applications==
Some examples of the biological phenomena that have been studied in terms of quantum processes are the absorbance of frequency-specific radiation (i.e., photosynthesis〔(Quantum Secrets of Photosynthesis Revealed )〕 and vision); the conversion of chemical energy into motion; magnetoreception in animals,〔Iannis Kominis: "Quantum Zeno effect explains magnetic-sensitive radical-ion-pair reactions", Physical Review E 80, 056115 (2009) ((abstract ))〕〔Iannis Kominis: "Radical-ion-pair reactions are the biochemical equivalent of the optical double-slit experiment", Physical Review E 83, 056118 (2011) ((abstract ))〕〔Erik M. Gauger, Elisabeth Rieper, John J. L. Morton, Simon C. Benjamin, Vlatko Vedral: ''Sustained quantum coherence and entanglement in the avian compass'', Physics Review Letters, vol. 106, no. 4, 040503 (2011) ((abstract ), (preprint ))〕 DNA mutation〔Lowdin, P.O. (1965) Quantum genetics and the aperiodic solid. Some aspects on the Biological problems of heredity, mutations, aging and tumours in view of the quantum theory of the DNA molecule. Advances in Quantum Chemistry. Volume 2. pp213-360. Academic Press〕 and brownian motors in many cellular processes.
Recent studies have identified quantum coherence and entanglement between the excited states of different pigments in the light-harvesting stage of photosynthesis. Such phenomena may also be relevant to animal capacities, such as avian compass and the communication of bees.〔http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110615/full/474272a.html〕
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